Antiarthritic Medicinal Plants: A Review
Nabarun Mukhopadhyay1, Sampath. V2, Sameer Pai2, U. V. Babu2, Richard Lobo1*
1Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India.
2R&D center, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore- 562162, Karnataka.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: richardlobo73@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition which is a major disability throughout the world. The exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown but many factors may be responsible for this. Several conventional therapies are used for the treatment but they have certain disadvantages such as side effects, poor bioavailability, high cost etc. So, researches are going on for the development of alternative effective therapy for arthritis. Medicinal plants are very useful for the development of the complimentary therapy. Varieties of medicinal plants are available throughout the world which are having good antiarthritic potential. In India, medicinal plants are widely used in different indigenous systems of medicine for the prevention and cure of arthritis. This review article covers the description of the medicinal plants which are reported to have significant antiarthritic property. Here the possible mechanism of action of the herbs reported for the treatment is also discussed.
KEYWORDS: Arthritis, alternative therapy, medicinal plants, mechanism of action, poor bioavailability,
INTRODUCTION:
Arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and systemic auto-immune disease that mainly affect the joints of human body. It may affect other tissues and organs such as heart, skin and muscles. Osteoarthritis (OA), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are the forms of arthritis which exists. The onset and severity of disease is variable and usually insidious. The initial symptoms of this disease are fatigue, musculoskeletal pain and stiffness and after some weeks to months it progress to involve joints. At first the small joints are affected, particularly the small bones of the hands. Later larger joints are affected, become swollen, warm and painful1. One of the most important symptoms of the disease is morning stiffness or stiffness. The slowness or difficulty in moving is seen in the patient in the time of getting out of bed or after staying in one position too long. Here both sides of the body are involved and this symptom decrease with movement2.
The exact pathophysiology of this disease is yet to known but hypotheses said that certain free radicals named nitrous oxide and superoxide radicals are generated as byproducts due to cellular metabolism. The production of Interleukins (IL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a) from T-cells may be induced by the release of those free radicals which influences the production of growth factors, cytokines and adhesive molecules on immune cells may cause tissue destruction and inflammation3. The pathological changes seen in arthritic patients are synovial membrane hyperplasia, inflammatory cells infiltration and neovascularization, which results into cartilage erosion and articular destruction4. It is reported that women have higher incidence of RA than men5. In India the prevalence of OA among elderly is near about 56.6%6. It is reported that the prevalence of OA is in the range of 17% to 60.6% in India as per the community survey data in rural and urban areas6. In USA it is estimated that 1.5 million people are to be affected by RA. It is also estimated that this number is expected to rise to 67 million by 2030 in USA7.
The aim of the treatment for arthritis is to eliminate the symptoms of the disease, slow disease progression, relief of analgesia, reduction of inflammation, protection of articular structure, maintenance of function etc8,9. Major advances have been made in the treatment of arthritis over the couple of decades in past. The drugs used conventionally (allopathic) for the treatment are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) (ex- aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen etc.), corticosteroids and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (ex- methotrexate, sulphasalazine etc.)10,11. But the prolonged use of the conventional treatment lead to adverse reactions, including severe infections. Thereafter they are also very expensive, so it is difficult for the patients of developing countries to afford them. Therefore research is going on for relatively effective alternatives but less expensive therapies for treating arthritis12. Here natural plant products are become the vital and promising resources for developing new therapeutically active pharmaceutical products for the treatment of arthritis. In India there is a huge potential in the research of the natural products because nature blessed us by giving a large variety of medicinal plants. From the knowledge and detailed survey of the medicinal plants we might be able to discover new drugs which are therapeutically effective and also cheaper13. In this review we described the medicinal plants which are reported to have good antiarthritic activity by thorough literature survey.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The review work was carried out by thorough searching of different research articles from different online journals from Pubmed, Google scholar, Science direct etc. We also have collected the literature of scientifically validated plants which are having good antiarthritic property.
Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae):
The plant commonly known as turmeric is an herbaceous flowering plant which is native to Indian subcontinent. It is a potential antiarthritc agent. The main active constituent of the plant is curcumin which is a bright yellow coloured chemical compound14. Chemically it is a diarylheptanoid which are natural phenols responsible for turmeric’s yellow colour15. It has several pharmacological activities such as anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal, hepatoprotective etc. Several research studies are reported on the antiarthritic effect of curcumin. Zheng et al reported that a nanoemulsion of curcumin shows significant effect similar to the IV administration of curcumin16. Thus they accomplish the conversion from IV to oral administration of curcumin for the management of arthritis. R Arora et al reported that curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles not only improve the biological performance of curcumin but also establish the method as a potential pain inhibitor in arthritis.17 A study is reported by Nonose N et al stated that oral administration of curcumin significantly reduces the inflammation in zymogen induced arthritis18. Gang Huang et al reported that curcumin gives protection against collagen induced arthritis19.
Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae):
Boswellia is a very important plant and is used for thousands of years for the treatment of inflammation and swelling in Ayurvedic medicine. In various Unani and Ayurvedic preparations the oleo-gum resin of this plant was used for the treatment of many diseases13. The first terpenoid which is isolated from the oleo-gum resin is Boswellic acid. There are several derivatives of boswellic acids are established20. Among them 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) show the highest activity against arthritis21. In 2003, medical researchers selected 30 patients who are suffereing from osteoarthritis of the knee and a randomized blind placebo controlled trial was conducted. The result showed the range of motion was increased and swelling was reduced from arthritis in the patients13. Mishra et al reported that a combined formulation of both Glycyrrhiza glabra and Boswellia serrata showed significant anti-arthritic activity22. Sadiq Umar et al reported that the prepared Boswellia serrata gum resin extract give protective effect on arthritis and this effect is shown might be due to the modulation of the immune system23.
Cuscuta reflexa (Cuscutaceae):
Cuscuta reflexa is a parasitic medicinal plant which is also known as dodder plant, devil’s hair used for the treatment of many diseases. It contains several phytoconstituents such as dulcitol, mannitol, sitosterol, lycopene, apigenin-7-β-rutinoside, 6-7 dimethoxy coumarin, quercetin, hyperoside, propenamide, reflexin, lutein, cuscutin, cuscutalin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside24. It is used as anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-microbial agent 25. It is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Several researches prove that this plant shows significant effect in arthritis. Damerakonda Kumaraswamy et al reported that ethanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa shows significant anti-arthritic effect26. Vennila et al reported that this plant posseses marked anti-arthritic activity27.
Piper longum (Piperaceae):
Piper longum also known as Indian long pepper (pipli) is a flowering vine belonging to the family Piperaceae which is commonly used as a spice. The main chemical constituents of the plant are piperine, piperlongumine, piperlonguminine, and methyl 3, 4, 5-trimehoxycinnamate13.
It is used as an anti-inflammatory, anti-amoebic, hepatoprotective and immune-modulatory activities. A study reported by Yende et al stated that the two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the aqueous extracts of the seeds shows 46.32% inhibition in paw swelling in Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats by the inhibition of the adherence of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer by the suppression of the TNF-α induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and it shows inhibition of NF- kB. Overall it showed significant anri-arthritic activity of the plant extract on male wistar rats28.
Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae):
It is an herbaceous volatile oil containing plant which is grown throughout the India and the parts of the plant used medicinally are seeds, fruits and leaves. The chemical constituents of the plant are linalool, geraniol, citronellol, borneol etc.29 which are essential oils. Cineole which is an essential oil component present in this plant has anti-arthritic and anti-rheumatic property 13. The plant is useful as stomachic, tonic, carminative, diuretic and stimulant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. A study which is reported by Nair V et al stated that at a dose level of 8, 16 and 32 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the seeds shows reduction in paw swelling in male wistar rats which is induced by formaldehyde and CFA methods by the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and TNF-a. So, the study proved about the anti-arthritic activity of the plant30.
Cinnammomum zeylicanium (Lauraceae):
Cinnamomumzeylanicum is small topical evergreen tree which is mainly cultivated in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and southern coastal areas of India. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are the main active constituents of the plant. It also contains some other constituents such as pinene, cymene, caryophyllene etc14. It is used as an analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant. Vetal S et al reported that the polyphenolic extract of the bark of the tree at a dose level of 8 mg/kg showed significant anti-arthritic potential in male wistar rats in CFA model by the improvement of the body weight and the level of serum C-reactive proteins when compared with control group. Here the by inhibiting leukocyte immigration and prostaglandin synthesis the anti-arthritic activity was mediated31.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae):
It is a species of flowering plant which is native to the tropics and subtropics of the America, but its exact origin remained unknown. It is useful medicinal agent. This plant contains a glycoside which is made up of ß-amyrin, glucose and the free amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, proline, valin, leucine, threonine. There are several free sugars are also present such as lactose, galactose etc32. It is used as an anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory activity etc. A study is reported by Rajaram et al clearly stated that the ethanolic extract of the plant shows significant decrease in paw volume and it helps to normalize the haematological abnormalities in adjuvant induced arthritic rats and thus it posseses significant anti-arthritic activity33.
Asparagus racemosus (Asparagaceae):
It is an effective medicinal plant which is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is grown commonly throughout Nepal, Sri Lanka and India. The main active chemical constituent of the plant is shatavarin which is a steroidal saponin. There are 6 shatavarins such as I-VI is there34. It has several pharmacological effects. It has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal effect, also used as an anti-tussive agent. Mittal and Dixit reported that the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant showed significant anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effect at oral dose level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg35.
Abutilon hirtum (Malvaceae):
It is a small shrub which is native to tropical and subtropical regions and in India it is found in Tamil Nadu. The plant contains important phytoconstituents such as β‐Sitosterol and tocopherol and the plant essential contains α-pinene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, endesmol, farnesol, borenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, elemene and α-cineole etc36. A study reported by Nitin Bhajipale showed that the methanolic extract of the plant shows significant reduction in arthritis37.
Terminalia pallida (Combretaceae):
It is a species of the genus Terminalia and is a flowering plant and native in India mainly found in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The main active constituents of the plant are gallic acid and ellagic acid38. Hamed Ali Shaik et al reported that the ethanolic extract of the plant showed excellent anti-arthritic activity by checking it in the Bovine Serum Albumin39.
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae):
It is commonly known as Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng is a very important herb which is used for over 3000 years in Ayurvedic medicine. The main therapeutically active chemical constituents of the plant are withanolides. The withanolides have C28 steroidal nucleus with C9 side chain, having a six membered lactone ring. Besides withanolides, it also contains withanosides, sitoindisides, alkaloids, Saponins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids etc14. It is used as a nerve tonic, aphrodisiac, adaptogen, antirheumatic agent, memory enhancer, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory etc. Different studies are done to determine the anti-arthritic activity of this plant. A study reported by Gupta and Singh clearly revealed that at a dose level of 600 and 800 mg/kg significantly decreased the severity of arthritis by the suppression of inflammatory mediators and also helps to improve the functional recovery of motor activity in experimental animals40. Khedgikar et al reported that in menopausal osteoporosis and bone injury the active compound withaferin-A showed to stimulate the differentiation and growth of osteoblasts by increased expression of osteoblast-specific transcription factor and mineralizing genes41. A study reported by Kiran R Giri states that ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant dose dependent acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan with comparison to hydrocortisone42.
Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae):
It is a species of the genus onion and native to Central Asia and Northeastern Iran and used for several thousands of years for human consumption. It mainly contains volatile oil with sulpher containing active compounds among them allicin, alliin and ajoene are notable14. The study reported by Tillán Capó et al stated that syrup which containing this plant extract showed significant anti-arthritic activity43. It is also used as an anti-viral, anti-bacterial agent.
Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fabaceae):
It is an herbaceous plant which is also known as fenugreek widely ued in traditional medicine. The fenugreek seeds contains high amount of mucilage, choline and trigonelline14. It’s extracts showed good activity as an anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. A study reported by Sindhu G et al says that the mucilage obtained from the fenugreek seeds at a dose level of 75 mg/kg showed significant anti-arthritic effect44.
Terminalia chebula (Combrataceae):
Lawsonia inermis (Verbenaceae):
It is also knowned as henna tree and is native to Northern Africa, Southern Asia, Northern Australia and tropical areas. The main active constituent of the plant is lawsone which is a natural dye14. It also contains other compounds such as flavonoids (luteolins, apigenin), coumarins such as esculetin and scopletin etc. Kore K. J et al reported that potential anti-arthritic activity is is given by the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant against two different models, they are adjuvant induced arthritis and formaldehyde induced arthritis model46.
Punica granatum (Lythraceae):
The plant is also known as pomegranate is widely available in several countries such as India, Southern Asia, Tropical Africa etc. There is a specific tonic was used for the treatment of rheumatism in Iranian traditional medicinal system which consists of seeds and juice of the plant. The major chemical constituents of the plant are gallic acid, anthocyanins, ellagic acid, tannins, flavones, flavonoids, antocyanidins, sterols, quercitin, triterpenoids etc47. The plant has numerous pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, hypotensive, hypolipidaemic and anti-diabetic etc. Shukla et al reported in a study that the anti-arthritic activity was shown by the fruits of the plant at a dose level of 13.6-34 mg/kg by the inhibition of the spectrum of signal transduction pathway in male wistar rats48.
Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae):
This is an herbaceous plant which is native to the Balkan Peninsula. The major chemical constituents which are isolated from this plant are acridone alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, flavonoids, rutin, quercitin, epoxide, graveoline, 2-heptanol acetate, geyrene etc49. It is reported to have several pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiandrogenic, antihyperglycaemic and anticancer etc. A study reported by Ratheesh M et al clearly stated that the polyphenolic fraction of aerial parts of the plant showed antiarthritic activity in male wistar rats induced by CFA model at a dose level of 10 mg/kg. The activity was shown by the inhibition of the prostaglandins synthesis, decreased ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxidation and release of other inflammatory mediators50.
Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae):
It is a perennial or sometimes annual plant commonly found in India. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine named as kurumthotti. The major active constituents which have been isolated from the plant are steroids, glycosides, fatty acids, anthraquinone glycoside, alkaloids, flavonoids, Saponins etc51. It is used as an anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-arthritic. Gupta SR et al reported in a study that at the dose level of 30 and 100 mg/kg the aqueous and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of the plant shows reduction of the paw edema induced by CFA method. Thus it showed significant anti-arthritic activity52.
Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae):
It is commonly known as cocklebur or broad bur, clotbur or burdock datura is an indigenous plant of India. The active constituents that are isolated from the aerial parts of the plant are mainly alkaloids; sesquiterpene lactones such as xanthinin, xanthumin, xanthatin; sulphated glycoside such as xanthostrumarin, atractyloside, carboxyatractyloside; phytosterols, xanthanol, isoxanthanol, xanthinosin, 4-oxo-bedfordia acid, hydroquinone, xanthanolides, α and γ-tocopherol, linoleic acid etc53. Therapeutically it is used as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-tussive, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, hypoglycaemic agent. Patil MV et al reported that the ethanolic extract of this plant showed significant antiarthritic activity by the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators54.
Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae):
Commonly known as Chinese chaste tree or horseshoe vitex this plant is widely used as folk medicine specifically in Southeast Asia. It is native to Southern India and Burma55. The main chemical constituents of the plant are alkaloids such as nishindine, flavonoids like flavones, luteolin-7-glucoside, iridoid glycosides, vitamin C, β-sitosterol, phthalic acid, benzoic acid, fatty acid, vanillic acid, r-hydroxybenzoic acid56. It is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant and antirheumatic agent. Pandey A et al reported in a study that the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the plant showed significant antiarthritic activity at the dose level of 1.56 mg/10 ml, 3.12 mg/10 ml, 6.25 mg/10 ml and 1.25 mg/10 ml by decreasing the levels of ESR, leukotriene B4, PGE2, cytokines, IL-17, TNF-α etc57.
Lantana camara (Verbenaceae):
This plant is also known as wild sage, red sage etc is native to India. For the treatment against rheumatism the decoction of leaves of the plant was used traditionally. It contains several phytochemical constituents such as flavones, isoflavones, antocyanins, coumarins, lignins, alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, triterpinoids, phytosterols etc58. It has several pharmacological activitie such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-fertility and wound healing activities. Gundamaraju et al reported in a study that the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of the plant has been proved to show good antiarthritic activity at dose level of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg by the inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase59.
Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae):
This plant is also known as bitter apple is a desert viny plant native to the Mediterranean Basin and Asia especially Turky. It contains several important phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols etc60. It is used as laxative, purgative, anti-bacterial, analgesic etc. Kachhawah et al reported that the hydroalcoholic extract of the fruits of the plant showed significant antiarthritic activity60.
DISCUSSION:
From several years the herbs are used for the treatment of several diseases such as arthritis and also other inflammatory diseases. The herbs are considered as the safe and effective treatment for many diseases. By utilizing the ethno botanical knowledge we described the medicinal plants here which have potential anti-arthritic activity. This review article includes 22 herbs which have been reported as an effective antiarthritic property. The parts of the plants such as fruits, aerial parts etc. which are more effective in the treatment are also described here. We also notice the fact that several researches are carried out for establishing of effective treatment against arthritis in India as well as abroad also. Here we have discussed the possible mechanism of action of some herbs for the prevention of arthritis. The factors on the basis of maximum antiarthritic herbs show activity are by inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-a, inhibition of NF- kB, by inhibiting leukocyte immigration and prostaglandin synthesis, reducing the levels of IL-6, IL-1b etc. The drugs that are widely used for the treatment are Boswellia serrata, Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera etc have been elaborated in the article.
CONCLUSION:
In India there are several herbs in different forms are used in the traditional systems of medicine. Presently investigation of the antiarthritic activity of the herbs leads to the development of many effective herbal therapies for such purpose. For the discovery of potential antiarthritic compounds the suitable informations about the medicinal plants are needed. This review article is helpful for providing information about the herbs which are having potential antiarthritic property. This review article also includes some of the herbs that are not so much discussed earlier but have significant antiarthritc property. Here overall 22 herbs that have significant antiarthritic property in humans are described. The informations about the plants or plant extracts which are discussed here might be helpful for the further research on arthritis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors like to acknowledge Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore for their kind support by providing necessary information related to this work.
REFERENCES:
1. Cotran r, kumar v, collins t. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 1999.
2. Lineker s et al. Defining morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 1999; 26: 1052-1057.
3. Kasper DL et al. Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine. Mc-Graw Hill Companies, New York, United States of America. Edition 16 Vol. II 2005.
4. Chunxia C, Peng Z, Huifang P, Hanli R, Zehua H, Jizhou W. Extracts of Arisaema rhizomatum C.E.C. Fischer attenuate inflammatory response on collagen-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 133: 573-582.
5. Centers for Disease control and Prevention Rheumatoid arthritis. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid.htm, last accessed on 22nd May 2013.
6. Sunita Y. Ranade and Ram S. Gaud. Current strategies in herbal drug delivery for arthritis an overview. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences And Research. 2013; 4(10): 3782-3794.
7. Helmick CG et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2008; 58: 15–25.
8. Ngoc DD et al. Inhibition by Artocarpus tonkinensis of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2005; 61: 234-241.
9. Kasper DL et al. Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine. Mc-Graw Hill Companies, New York, United States of America. Edition 16 Vol. II 2005.
10. Finckh A et al. Treatment of very early rheumatoid arthritis with symptomatic therapy, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or biologic agents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009; 151: 612– 621.
11. Muller RB et al. Effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of subcutaneous methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective analysis of realworld data from the St. Gallen cohort. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2015; 45: 28–34.
12. Shivaprasad H. et al. Control of autoimmune arthritis by herbal extracts and their bioactive components. Asian journal of pharmaceutical s c i e n c e s. 2 0 1 6; 11: 301–307.
13. Manjusha Choudhary. Medicinal plants with potential antiarthritic activity. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 2015; 4: 147-179.
14. C.K.Kokate, A.P.Purohit, S.B.Gokhale. Pharmacognosy 49 th Edition. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, India. 2014.
15. Ezzat abdel-lateef, Faten mahmoud, Olfat hammam, Eman el-ahwany, Eman el-wakil, Sherihan kandil: Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2016; 66:387–398.
16. Zheng Z et al. The effect of curcumin and its nanoformulation on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2015; 9: 4931-4942. Doi:10.2147/DDDT.S90147.
17. R Arora et al. Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles ameliorate adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats. European Journal of Pain. 2014; DOI: 10.1002/ejp.620.
19. Huang G. et al. Curcumin Protects Against Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Suppression of BAFF Production. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 2013; 33: 550 DOI- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-012-9839-0.
20. Davinder Kumar, Virender Kumar and Pawan Jalwal. Boswellic Acid- Potential tumors suppressant terpenoid -Photochemistry, Extraction and Isolation Methods -A comprehensive review study. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(3): 231-239.
24. Pooja Saini, Rekha Mithal and Ekta Menghani. A parasitic Medicinal plant Cuscuta reflexa: An Overview. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2015; 6(12): 951-959.
25. Lalchand et al: Cuscuta reflexa (dodder plant): a critical review on the medicinal plant used in Ayurveda. International Journal Of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2017; 8 (6): 38-42.
26. Damerakonda Kumaraswamy, Goverdhan Puchchakayala, Prashanth Yatla. Evaluation of anti-rheumatoid activity of cuscuta reflexa in Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic rats. International Journal Of Pharmacy & Technology. 2016; 8(2): 13515-13530.
27. Vennila V and Anitha R. In vitro evaluation of anti-arthritic activity in different solvent extracts from cuscuta reflexa. World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2015; 4(4): 1340-1350.
28. Subhash R. Yende et al. Antirheumatoid activity of aqueous extract of Piper longum on freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2010; 1: 129-33.
29. Pathak Nimish L et al. Phytopharmacological Properties of Coriander Sativum as a Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2011; 01 (04): 20-25.
30. Nair V, Singh S, Gupta YK. Evaluation of disease modifying activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2012;135(2): 240-245.
31. Vetal S. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of type-A procyanidine polyphenols from bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in rats. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2013; 2:59-67.
32. Nainwal Pankaj, Nanda Deepak, Batsa Ranveer. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of caesalpinia pulcherrim. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2011; 2 (2): 416-421.
33. Cuddapah Rajaram, Kandula Ravindra Reddy, Kothapalli Bonnth Chandra Sekhar. Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2015; 7(2): 128-132.
34. Negi JS et al. Chemical constituents of Asparagus. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2010; 4(8): 215-220. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70921.
35. Suchita Mittal, Praveen K. Dixit. In-vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of Asparagus racemosus roots. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013; 4(7): 2652-2658.
36. Archna Sharma, R.A. Sharma, Hemlata Singh. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Abutilon indicum L. Sweet : A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2013; 20: 120-127.
37. Dr. Nitin S. Bhajipale. Anti-Arthritic Activity of Abutilon hirtum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 2014; 5(4): 99 – 101.
38. Said Muhammad. The morphology, extractions, chemical constituents and uses of Terminalia chebula: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(33): 4772-4775.
39. Hamed Ali Shaik. Study of In vitro Anti-Arthritic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Terminalia pallida on Bovine Serum Albumin. International Journal Of Chemistry and Life Sciences. 2013; 02(04): 1153-1155.
40. Gupta A, Singh S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Withania somnifera root on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2014; 52: 308-320.
41. Khedgikar V et al. Withaferin A: a proteasomal inhibitor promotes healing after injury and exerts anabolic effect on osteoporotic bone. Cell Death & Disease. 2013; 4(8): e 778. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.294.
42. Kiran R Giri. Comparative study of anti-inflammatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) with hydrocortisone in experimental animals (Albino rats). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2016; 4(1): 78-83.
43. Tillán Capó et al. Antiarthritic activity of Allium sativum L syrup. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales 2007; 12(2).
44. Sindhu G et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidative effects of mucilage of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) on adjuvant induced arthritic rats International Immunopharmacology 2012; 12: 205-11.
45. Nair V, Singh S, Gupta YK. Anti-arthritic and disease modifying activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. in experimental models. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2010; 62:1801-1806.
46. Kore K.J., Shete R.V., Desai N.V. Anti-Arthritic activity of Hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis. International Journal of Drug Development & Research. 2011; 3 (4): 217-224.
47. Jurenka JS. Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): A review. Alternative Medicine Review. 2008; 13: 128-144.
48. Shukla M et al. Consumption of hydrolyzable tannins-rich pomegranate extract suppresses inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2008; 24: 733-743.
49. Asgarpanah J, Khoshkam R. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ruta graveolens L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6: 3942-3949.
50. Ratheesh M et al. Protective effects of isolated polyphenolic and alkaloid fractions of Ruta graveolens L. on acute and chronic models of inflammation. Inflammation. 2010; 33:18-24.
51. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN: Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. III. Lucknow: CDRI; 1993.
52. Gupta SR et al. Anti-arthritic activity of various extracts of Sida rhombifolia aerial parts. Natural Product Research. 2009; 23:689-695.
53. Anjoo Kamboj, Ajay Kumar Saluja. Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L. (Cocklebur). International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2010; 4(3):129-139.
54. Patil MV, Kandhare AD, Bhise SD. Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of Xanthium srtumarium L. ethanolic extract in freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis. Biomedicine and Aging Pathology. 2012; 2: 6-15.
55. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica Vol. I. Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. Bombay, India. 2009.
56. Tandon VR. Medical uses and biological activities of Vitex negundo. Natural Product Radiance. 2005; 4: 162-5.
57. Pandey A et al. Anti-arthritic activity of agnuside mediated through the down-regulation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Inflammation Research. 2012; 61: 293-304.
58. Deepak Ganjewala, Silviya Sam, Kishwar Hayat Khan. Biochemical compositions and antibacterial activities of Lantana camara plants with yellow, lavender, red and white flowers. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences. 2009; 3:69-77.
60. Shelendra Singh Kachhawah et al. Standardization protocol development of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Citrullus Colocynthis against anti-arthritic activity. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2016; 10(1): 59-62.
Received on 26.08.2018 Modified on 20.09.2018
Accepted on 16.10.2018 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2019; 12(1): 375-381.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00068.4